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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 21
| Issue : 4 | Page : 194-198 |
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Oral manifestations of dengue fever
Sethuraman Govindaraj1, Ramesh Jayaraman2, M Jonathan Daniel1, Saravanan Subbiah3, Srinivasan Subramanian Vasudevan1, Jimsha Vannathan Kumaran1
1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Pondicherry, Puducherry, India
2 Department of Medicine, Geriatrics and Endocrinology, Indira Gandhi Government General Hospital and Postgraduate Institute Pondicherry, Puducherry, India
3 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Pondicherry, Puducherry, India
| Date of Web Publication | 31-Dec-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Sethuraman Govindaraj
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Pondicherry, Puducherry
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/smj.smj_28_18
Background: Dengue is a life-threatening viral infection which has become an epidemic in India in the postmonsoon period (August–November). It mostly associated with nonspecific fever and rashes, arthralgia, myalgia, and thrombocytopenia in severe cases. Objective: This study aimed to study the oral manifestations of dengue fever and to observe the various features of oral presentation then to validate the significance and importance of oral manifestation in the diagnosis of dengue fever. Materials and Methods: Patients meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to detailed history, oral examination, and relevant investigations. Results: Intraoral manifestations were present in 24 (48%) patients, anf these included petechiae (29.2%), bleeding gums (16.6%), ulcer (4.2%), dryness of mouth (4.2%), and combined features (45.8%). Extraoral manifestations were present in 4% of the cases. Conclusion: This study highlights the thrombocytopenia related oral haemosrrhagic manifestations of dengue fever.
Keywords: Dengue fever, oral manifestation, petechiae
How to cite this article:
Govindaraj S, Jayaraman R, Daniel M J, Subbiah S, Vasudevan SS, Kumaran JV. Oral manifestations of dengue fever. Sahel Med J 2018;21:194-8 |
| Introduction | |  |
Many systemic and infectious diseases show their significant presence in the oral cavity.[1] Infectious diseases include bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal diseases. Viral diseases include primary and secondary herpes, varicella, shingles, infectious mononucleosis, herpangina, rubeola, rubella, mumps, and HIV and occur in the form of vesicles, ulcers, erythema, petechiae, purpura, and Koplik's spot.[2]
Dengue is a life-threatening viral illness caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus belong to the genus Flavivirus,[3] and it is usually epidemic in the postmonsoon period (August–November).[4] There are four serotypes, i.e., DENV1–4. These four serotypes are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, principally by the Aedes aegypti, and other species such as Aedes albopictus,Aedes polynesiensis, and Aedes scutellaris complex.[5] They usually breed in stagnant water; water was collected in containers, water-based air coolers, and tyre dumps which create a favorable environment for the vectors in large cities.[6]
The purpose of this study was to assess the oral manifestations in patients with dengue fever.
| Materials and Methods | | |
This cross-sectional study was carried out in the inpatient Department of General Medicine, Indira Gandhi Government General Hospital and Postgraduate Institute, Pondicherry, from October to November 2017. Serologically diagnosed 50NS1 antigen-positive cases were included in the study by convenience sampling. Patients with platelet disorders, autoimmune disorders, bone marrow disease, trauma, and other infectious disease were excluded from the study. A written permission to carry out the study was obtained on 23-10-2017 from Medical superintendent of Indira Gandhi Government General Hospital & Post Graduate Institute. An informed consent was obtained. A detailed history was recorded; extraoral and intraoral examinations and relevant blood investigations were done. Intraoral examination was done using plane mouth mirrors under artificial illumination. Instruments and supplies were sterilized using autoclave every day before the survey. The data were entered on a pro forma containing demographic variables, chief complaint, and extraoral and intraoral sites and then analyzed using SPSS-20 (IBM, Armonk, NY, United States of America). Frequency and percentage were used for various forms of manifestations. Student's t-test was used for comparison of mean among patients based on petechial status. Pearson correlation test was applied to assess the correlation between petechial count and platelet count. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
| Results | | |
A total of fifty patients were enrolled in the study. There were 34 males and 16 females. The male: female ratio was 2:1 [Table 1]. Intraoral manifestations were present in 24 (48%) patients, of which petechiae were seen in 29.2% of the patients, bleeding gums in 16.6%, ulcer in 4.2%, dryness of mouth in 4.2%, and combined features in 45.8%. Extraoral manifestations were present in 2 (4%) patients, with rashes as cutaneous features. Both extraoral and intraoral manifestations were found in 6 (12%) patients and in 18 (36%) patients only fever with no intra and extraoral findings [Table 2]. Of the fifty cases, thrombocytopenia was present in 38 (76%) patients. Thrombocytopenia with petechiae was observed in 18 (36%) cases and without petechiae was noted in 20 (40%) cases [Table 3]. On comparing the mean platelet count among patients based on petechial status, a low mean platelet count was observed among 20 patients with petechiae (64900±2880) compared to cases without petechiae (97500±6289). This difference in observation was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.03). There was no correlation between petechial count and mean platelet count. | Table 3: Distribution of dengue patients according to platelet count and petechial status
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| Discussion | | |
Dengue fever is a rapidly growing public health problem, especially in the tropical and subtropical countries. The incubation period after the mosquito bite is between 3 and 8 days. During the febrile period, the patient may experience severe headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, and vomiting. More than 50% of the infected patients reported having a rash during this period that initially is macular or maculopapular and becomes diffusely erythematous. Minor hemorrhagic manifestations such as petechiae, epistaxis, and gingival bleeding occur in some patients.[7]
Severe dengue is life-threatening from bleeding (dengue hemorrhagic fever), Dengue shock syndrome, or severe organ impairment (hepatic, renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and brain). The bleeding results from microangiopathy, while platelet number is insufficient to block the bleeding points. Shock results from capillary plasma leakage from vascular to extracellular spaces. Organ failure is presumably due to microangiopathy resulting in impaired perfusion. While dengue fever is relatively inconsequential, severe dengue has a significant fatality rate.[8] The World Health Organization criteria exist for the classification of dengue into three clinical categories. Infection with DENV causes three clinical syndromes with undifferentiated viral syndrome, classic dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and Dengue shock syndrome. However, there is a significant overlap between these three categories.[1],[9]
A total of 50 cases of dengue were enrolled in our study with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. Several other studies by Mahboob et al.[5] and Azfar et al.[3] have reported a similar gender variation and occurrence being more common in male. Most of our patients belonged to the age group of 20–40 years with the mean age of 33 years. This was similar to studies of Azfar et al.[3] and Saleem and Shaikh[10] In the present study, all the cases presented with fever, headache, arthralgia, and myalgia and some cases with vomiting and cough. The incubation period normally ranges from 4 to 7 days, after which the patients may experience an acute onset of fever followed by specific signs and symptoms.
Patients with cutaneous manifestations alone were noted in 4% of the cases in the present study [Figure 1]. Whereas in other studies by Mahboob et al.,[5] Thomas et al.,[7] and Azfar et al.,[3] these values were 77%, 46.8%, and 65%, respectively. This difference could possibly because of the rashes were present during 24–48 h of febrile period. Most of the patients which we examined were at the 5th–6th day of fever. The various hypotheses for cutaneous manifestation include as follows: | Figure 1: Cutaneous manifestation in the form of rashes and purpuric spots
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- Viral replication which occurs primarily in macrophages although dendritic cells (Langerhans cell) in the skin may be the early target of infection
- Direct infection of the skin by DENV
- Immunological and chemically mediated, mechanism indeed by interaction of the virus with the host.
However, de Andino et al. concluded that the absence of evidence for direct viral involvement or for immune complex in the skin lesions could be due to viral-host interaction including release of unidentified chemical mediators in the skin and that the rashes have nothing to do with the direct viral invasion or with the presence of immune complexes.[7]
In the present study, the oral manifestations were seen in 48% of the cases. Whereas in other studies conducted by Mahboob et al.[5] and Azfar et al.,[3] it was found to be 66% and 43.6%, respectively. The most common oral presentation was petechiae which were found to be present in 29.2% of the cases and seen in the posterior part of hard palate [Figure 2] followed by soft palate, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa, and tongue [Figure 3] which is similar to presentation reported by Bhardwaj et al.[1] and Mithra et al.[9] These lesions were reddish-to-purple discoloration caused by blood from vessels leaking into the connective tissue. Purpuric lesions do not blanch when pressure is applied and are classified by the size as petechiae (<0.3 cm), purpura (0.4–0.9 cm), and ecchymosis (>1 cm).[11]
Bleeding gums were noted in 16.7% of the patients which were present during the 2nd and 3rd days of fever. The bleeding was spontaneous in nature which is similar to a study reported by Khan et al.[12],[13] The major cause of hemorrhagic manifestations is plasma leakage and abnormal hemostasis. Abnormal hemostasis includes capillary fragility, thrombocytopenia, impaired platelet function, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).[1],[9]
Ulcer was present in 1 patient out of 50 patients examined. There was a history of vesicles before ulcer formation with the corner of the mouth as the site of involvement. It occurred during the 3rd day of fever which is similar to the reports of Bhardwaj et al.[1] and Mithra et al.[9] Dryness of mouth was present in 4.2% of the patients, mostly due to dehydration. Combination of petechiae, bleeding gums, ulcer, dryness of mouth, and lip encrusting [Figure 4] was present in 45.8% of the patients who presented with intraoral manifestations alone. Both extraoral manifestation and intraoral manifestations were found in 12% of the patients presenting with combined features of rashes, petechiae, bleeding gums, ulcer, dryness of mouth, and lip encrusting.
Thrombocytopenia was present in 76% of the overall cases, wherein petechiae were associated with 47.4% of the cases. Petechiae were commonly associated with thrombocytopenia as compared to patient with normal platelet count. This association is because of leakage of small blood vessels due to thrombocytopenia into the surrounding tissue which presents in the form of petechiae.[14] Several hypotheses have been suggested to elucidate the mechanism involved for thrombocytopenia in dengue which includes DENV, which could directly or indirectly affect bone marrow progenitor cells by inhibiting their function to reduce the proliferative capacity of hematopoietic cells. Indeed, there is evidence that DENV can induce bone marrow hypoplasia during the acute phase of the disease. Beside platelet counts, the functional disruption of these cells is associated with a significant deregulation of the plasma kinin system and the immunopathogenesis of dengue. In addition, DENV infection induces platelet consumption due to DIC, platelet destruction due to increased apoptosis, lysis by the complement system, and by the involvement of antiplatelet antibodies.[15]
According to the study, petechiae were most commonly present. Although they are not a constant feature in dengue fever, laboratory investigations have to be done to substantiate its significance.
In a patient with a recent history of dengue, dentist should check for recovery of oral signs and symptoms. Usually, the lesions heal uneventfully within 2 weeks. If any surgical intervention is required in such patient (i.e., extraction and flap procedure), it is important to undergo blood investigation to assess the platelet count.
| Conclusion | | |
This study highlights the thrombocytopenia related oral haemosrrhagic manifestations of dengue fever.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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